The Toyota Motor Corporation, or simply call Toyota is a Japanese multinational company. Toyota became in 2007 the first global car manufacturer General Motors forward, and speculates that in 2008 there will be a production and sales approximate 9 , 8 million vehicles along with sales crecientes.Estas predictions have been fulfilled, although the number of revisions and forced quality problems also have done. [1] is one of the “big three” challenging Japanese carmakers including American Honda Motor and Nissan Motors with great success. It produces cars, trucks, buses and robots and the eighth largest company in the world. The company is located in Toyota, Aichi, and Bunkyo, Tokyo Japan with factories and offices around the world.

The company was founded in 1933 by Kiichiro Toyoda. Since then, Toyota has become one of the Japanese companies more profitable and more successful and one of the leading corporations in the automotive industry introducing the first parked in the auto industry commercially available (Advanced Parking Guidance System), a box of eight-speed automatic changes, guide traffic in real time with reallocation Dynamic route and a climate control of four zones with infrared technology in their models of the Lexus division [2]. It is also one of the few car companies that has been extensively promoted and cars based on a hybrid fuel technology as a model Prius, Toyota and even in the division of Lexus luxury cars. Toyota manufacturer consistently listed as one of the most reliable cars in the world [3] according to surveys and analysis.
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* 14 External Links

Introduction
Toyota Pavilion at Expo Aichi
Toyota Pavilion at Expo Aichi

Toyota’s headquarters is located in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Toyota also provides financial services through its subsidiary, Toyota Financial Services and participates in other lines of business. It manufactures vehicles sold in the United States under the brands of Toyota, Scion and Lexus. Toyota also has major investments in Daihatsu and Hino, and 8.7% of Fuji Heavy Industries, which manufactures Subaru vehicles.

In 2005, Toyota, combined with its subsidiary Daihatsu Motor Company, produced 8.54 million vehicles, about 500,000 less than the number produced by GM that year. In July 2006, Toyota passed Ford in car sales, although Ford regained its lead over Toyota in the next month and lose it again because of high gas prices. Toyota has a large market share in the United States, Europe and Africa and is the market leader in Australia. It also has significant market shares in several countries of Southeast Asia high growth. [1]

In the Fortune Global 500, is the sixth largest company in the world displacing Chevron Company in all lists in terms of income and growth and in the 2000 Forbes Global 2006 is the twelfth largest company in the world. He has been consistently gaining market share in the United States, while shrinking sales of Ford and General Motors in the United States.

Its slogan is Moving forward (moving forward) or It’s time to move forward (It’s time to go ahead) in the United States and several countries in the world. In Europe its common slogan is Today. Tomorrow. Toyota (Hoy. Tomorrow. Toyota). In some countries like Australia, the slogan is Oh, what a feeling! (Oh, what feeling!) That was the slogan of Toyota in the United States during 1980.

History

The Toyota Motor Corporation was founded in September 1933 when Toyoda Automatic Loom created a new division dedicated to the production of automobiles under the leadership of the son of the founder, Kiichiro Toyoda. Shortly thereafter, the division produced its first engine type A in 1934, which was first used in the model A1 in May 1935 and the G1 truck in August 1935. The production of the Model AA began in 1936.

Although the Toyota group is best known today for its cars, is still in business and still produce textile looms machines, which are not completely computerized, and electric sewing machines that are available globally.

Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937. Although the surname of the founding family is Toyoda (??), the company name was changed to signify the working life of the founders of family life, simplify the pronunciation, and to give the company a happy beginning. Toyota (???) is considered more fortunate than Toyoda (??) in Japan, where it is considered to eight as a number of luck, and eight is the number of strokes needed to write Toyota in Katakana. In Chinese, the company and its vehicles are still talking by the characters equivalent (Traditional Chinese:??; Simplified Chinese:??), reading with china.

During World War II the company was devoted to the production of trucks for the Imperial Japanese Army. Because of severe shortages in Japan, military trucks were fabricated as simple as possible. For example, the trucks had only one lamp in the centre of the bonnet. The war ended shortly before a scheduled allied bombing in the factories of Toyota in Aichi.

The commercial production of cars began in 1947 with the model SA. In 1950 a separate sales company Toyota Motor Sales Co.. was created (which lasted until July 1982). In April 1956 the Toyopet dealer chain was established. The next year, the Toyota Crown became the first Japanese car exports to the United States and American divisions of Toyota (Toyota Motor Sales Inc.) And Brazilian (Toyota do Brazil SA) were established.

Toyota began to expand in the years 1960 to a new research and development facility in Thailand a division was established, the model was produced diezmillonésimo, a Deming Prize and partnerships with Hino Motors and Daihatsu were also established. At the end of the decade, Toyota had established a global presence, as the company had exported its millionth unit.

The expansion continued throughout the 1970’s. It gave the company its first Quality Control Japanese at the beginning of the decade and established a presence in auto racing.

In 1982, the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales were merged into one company, Toyota Motor Corporation. Two years later, Toyota joined NUMMI, the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. All rights reserved. Toyota then started to establish new brands in the late 1980, with the launch of its Lexus luxury brand in 1989.

With a strong presence in Europe, due to the success of Toyota Team Europe, the corporation decided to create TMME, Toyota Motor Europe Marketing & Engineering, to help sell vehicles in the continent. Two years later, Toyota set up a base in the UK, TMUK, as the cars the company had become very popular among British drivers. It was also established bases in Indiana, Virginia and Tianjin. In 1999, the company decided listed on the New York Stock Exchange and London.

In 2001, Toyo Trust and Banking Toyota merged to form the UFJ, United Financials of Japan, which was accused of corruption by the government for making bad loans to the Yakuza mafia. [Citation needed] The UFJ became one of corporations with the worst losses of money in the world, with the president of Toyota occupy the post of director. [citation needed] At that time, UFJ was one of the largest shareholders of Toyota. As a result of the banking crisis in Japan, UFJ was merged again to become the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.

In 2002, Toyota managed to enter a team in Formula 1 and establish joint ventures with French automobile companies Citroen and Peugeot, it was established a year after that Toyota began producing cars in France.

Global Presence
The headquarters of Toyota in Toyota City, Japan
The headquarters of Toyota in Toyota City, Japan

Toyota has factories around the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets, including the Corolla. Toyota has manufacturing or assembly plants in the United States, Colombia, Japan, Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, France, Brazil, and more recently in Pakistan, India, Argentina, Czech Republic, Mexico , Malaysia, Thailand, China, Venezuela and the Philippines.

The first Toyota built outside Japan was a Land Cruiser FJ-251, built in Sao Paulo (Brazil) in May 1959.

Toyota invests a great deal of resources into investigations of cleaner burning vehicles as the Toyota Prius, based on technology such as the Hybrid Synergy Drive, although the extra costs of hybrid technology does not pose any cost savings for many years. [Citation required ] In 2002, Toyota successfully road tested a new version of the RAV4 which operated with a hydrogen fuel cell. Scientific American named to the company its Business Leader of the Year in 2003 by marketing a hybrid vehicle affordable.

In 2003, Toyota led two of its most popular cars from Japan (including BB) americas, and created a new brand called Scion, meaning a descendant or heir. These cars are aimed at youth and young at heart. They are intended to be customised or used as a simple road cars. Both models, XA (known in Japan as Toyota ist) and XB (known in Japan as Toyota BB) are propelled by a 1.5L DOHC I4 engine. A third model, the Scion tC, was introduced in 2004. Everyone is typically a low price and affordable. Rather than import an existing model from Japan as was done with the XA and XB, the tC was designed specifically for the North American market as a replacement for the Toyota Celica, using the four-cylinder engine and changes in the Toyota Camry, and chassis core European Toyota Avensis.

Toyota is also famous in the industry for its manufacturing philosophy, called the Toyota Production System. The system has been adopted by several companies in the world then.

In 2005, Toyota was the fourth largest automobile company in the world in terms of sales with $ 135,820 million-after General Motors with $ 185,520 million, $ 164,200 million with Ford and DaimlerChrysler with $ 157,130 million. In May 2006, Toyota reached by Daimler Chrysler to third place in total sales in the United States. In June 2006, Toyota surpassed Ford in terms of total sales of vehicles in the United States, although Ford regained its position to Toyota in the next month to lose it again in the first quarter of 2007 Toyota arrebató him first in the world the U.S. General Motors.

Marks

Lexus
Lexus IS-F
Lexus IS-F
Main article: Lexus

Lexus is Toyota brand for luxury car division, Audi and VW for what is or what Lincoln is for Ford. The Lexus vehicles sold in North americas, Middle East, Europe, Africa, americas America, Asia and Oceania in the U.S., Lexus is the brand sold more luxury cars. Until 2005, Lexus vehicles were sold under the Toyota brand in Japan, but since then the Lexus brand was introduced.

Since its debut in 1989, Lexus has developed a reputation for reliability of its vehicles and the quality of their customer service. In 2006, the signing of assessments of clients JD Power named Lexus the most reliable brand in the United States based its survey on vehicle reliability, a measure of more than 47,000 owners of vehicles and the problems experienced in the first three years of vehicle ownership. It was the twelfth consecutive year that Lexus was the highest position. [2] That same year, Consumer Reports also named Lexus the most reliable brand in its annual survey of car reliability of over one million vehicles nationwide. [3 ] In addition, Lexus is in high positions in surveys on the experience of service at dealerships.

Models:

* IS - tourism segment D
* - Tourism segment E
* GS - tourism segment E
* LS - tourism segment F
* RX - sport utility vehicle segment E
* GX - SUV segment E
* LX - SUV segment F
* SC - sports car

Scion
Scion tC
Scion tC
Main article: Scion

Scion is a division of Toyota which operates only in the United States founded in 2003. It is also a mark of Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc. All rights reserved. Currently has three models: the Scion XA, the Xb (both renowned Japanese automobile market, called ist and BB respectively) and tC (a new design based on the Toyota Avensis European market). The long-term goal of Scion is to attract the customers of Generation Y, hoping that empequeñezca the size of Generation X market by 2020. Scion was born Project Genesis Toyota, a failed effort to attract younger buyers to the Toyota brand in the United States. Scion brand is the entry-level Toyota, hovering below Toyota in the line. Scion currently sells its vehicles in the United States, Guam and Puerto Rico, leaving the possibility to expand into more markets.

Models:

* XA
* Xb
* XD
* TC
* Bb
* IST
* Hako
* Rs R-TC
* Sage
* Exile

Daihatsu
Daihatsu OFC-1 (prototype)
Daihatsu OFC-1 (prototype)

Daihatsu (????) is a manufacturer of small cars, especially those segments A and B.

Models:

* Applause
* Charmant
* Charade
* Charade Giro
* Cuore
* Max Cuore
* Compagno
* Copen
* Consort
* Fellow Max
* Midget (also known as Bajaj)
* Watch (also known as Cuore)
* Move
* Naked
* Rocky
* Sirion
* Taft
* Terios
* YRV
* Feroz
* Delta

Toyota

(Note: The models and definitions vary between markets. To realize, see individual models.)
Toyota Tundra
Toyota Tundra
Toyota Altezza
Toyota Altezza

* Aygo
* Yaris / Soluna / Vios / Echo / Platz / Belt
* Probox
* Auris
* Corolla / Altis
* Corolla Verso
* Corolla Levin
* Corolla Fielder
* Aurion
* Prius
* Allion
* Avensis
* Caldina
* Camry
* Solara
* Progres
* Mark X
* Crown
* Avalon
* Century
* Matrix
* RAV4
* Rush
* Highlander
* 4Runner
* Sequoia
* FJ Cruiser
* Land Cruiser
* Land Cruiser Prado
* Feel
* Wish
* Ipsum
* Sienna
* Considers / Tarago / After
* Alphard
* Hilux / Tacoma
* Tundra
* Hiace
* Dyna
* Coaster
* Tercel
* Cressida
* Starlet

Line IMV vehicles (mainly to Southeast Asia)

* Fortune
* Hilux
* Hiace
* Innova
* Avanza

Historical Models

Toyota brand

* 2000GT (1965-1970)
* Celica (October 1970 - april 2006 in Japan, 1971-2005 for export)
* Starlet (1973-1999)
* Corolla (1973-2005)
* Crown and Carina (succeeded by Prize, Allion, Avensis)
* Mark II (succeeded by Mark X) and Chaser Cresta
* Cressida (succeeded by Avalon)
* Supra
* Town Ace / Lite Ace (succeeded by Noah / Voxy)
* Walk / Cynos (1991-1998)
* Tercel (1978-1999)
* Stout (succeeded by Dyna)
* Toyota Mr2
* Revo / Kijang / Unser / Z-Ace (succeeded by Innova, sold as Kijang Innova in Indonesia)
* Qualis

Hybrid Technology
Main article: Hybrid Synergy Drive

The Prius has become the best-selling hybrid car in americas. Toyota now has three hybrid vehicles in its line (Prius, Highlander and Camry). The popular Toyota Sienna minivan is supposed to join the line hybrid in 2010, and in 2030 Toyota makes plans to take its entire line of cars, trucks and SUVs with the option of Hybrid Synergy Drive.

Lexus also has its own hybrid line, consisting of the GS450h and the RX400h.

It is defined as any event that accident, caused by a sudden and violent action caused by an external agent unintentional, resulting in a personal injury. The extent of the terms of this definition requires bear in mind that different types of accidents are influenced by multiple phenomena of nature unpredictable and uncontrollable.

The group that generates higher mortality is that of accidents during the transportation of persons or goods by land, sea or air. Despite the proportions typically up air accidents certainly is the road which leads to greater casualties.
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Causes basic and immediate causes

Not to be confused with the root causes immediate causes. For example, the immediate cause of an accident may be the lack of protective clothing, but the underlying cause may be that protective clothing is not used because it is uncomfortable. Suppose that a turner has been nailed a chip in one eye. Investigate the case is found not wearing safety glasses. The immediate cause is the absence of individual protection, but the underlying cause is to discover and investigate why it is essential not wear glasses. It might be by trying to gain time, because that was not specified in that job were used glasses (lack of [labour standards]), because the glasses were uncomfortable, and so on. It is therefore imperative to try to locate and eliminate the root causes of accidents, if only because it acts on the immediate causes, accidents will occur.

Basic Causes

Underlying causes can be divided into factors and personal factors at work. The most common are:

Personal factors:

* Lack of knowledge or ability to develop the work we have commissioned.
* Lack of motivation or improper motivation.
* Seek to save time or effort and / or avoid inconvenience.
* Ensure the attention of others, express hostilities.
* Existing problems or physical or mental defects.

Factors working:

* Lack of labour standards or labour standards inadequate.
* Design or inadequate maintenance of machinery and equipment.
* Incorrect work habits.
* Use and normal wear and tear of equipment and tools.
* Use abnormal and incorrect equipment, tools and facilities.

Causes immediate

The immediate causes can be divided into unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. Let’s look at some of the most common examples:

Acts unsafe

* Carry out work for which is not being duly authorized.
* Working in unsafe conditions or excessive speeds.
* Do not give notice of danger that the conditions are observed, marked or not.
* Do not use, or cancel, security devices equipped with running machines or facilities.
* Use tools or defective equipment or in poor condition.
* Do not use protective clothing set out individually or using inappropriate garments.
* Spending jokes at work.
* Repair machines or facilities on an interim basis.
* Carry out repairs for which is not authorized.
* Adopt incorrect postures at work, especially when dealing charges arm.
* Use work clothes inappropriate (with belts or parts hanging or tearing, too loose, with grease stains, etc.)..
* Use rings, bracelets, necklaces, medals, etc.. when working with machines with moving parts (risk of entrapment).
* Use cables, chains, ropes, slings and lifting gear, in poor condition.
* Exceed the carrying capacity of lifting or commercial vehicles.
* Putting underneath loads suspended.
* Introducing into pits, vats or confined spaces, without taking precautions.
* Transporting people in cars or trucks industry.

Conditions Unsafe

* Lack of protections and safeguards on the machines and facilities.
* Inadequate protections and safeguards.
* Lack of warning system, alarm or wake-up call.
* Lack of order and cleanliness in the workplace.
* Shortage of space to work and store materials.
* Improper storage of materials, apilamientos disordered, packages deposited in the aisles, piling obstructing emergency exits, etc..
* Excessive noise levels.
* Lighting inadequate (lack of light, lamps deslumbran)
* Lack of signalling points or areas of danger.
* Existence of flammable or combustible materials near sources of heat.
* Voids, wells, ditches, without protection or marking, at risk of falling.
* Flats in poor condition; uneven, slippery, desconchados.
* Lack of handrails and rodapiés on platforms and scaffolding.

Types of accidents

There are several types of accidents, among which are:

* Accidents at home: poisonings, burns, sprains, are the most common type.
* Accidents at work: burning, freezing, flooding, violent death, electrocuted, and so on.
* Traffic accidents: shocks, violent deaths, and so on.

A car (often abbreviated as car), car or car is a vehicle for self-propulsion for the transportation of persons, animals and objects, usually with four wheels and capacity between one and nine seats. The front wheels can change their orientation to enable the sides to take turns and curves.

The word “car” comes from the Greek auto ( “itself”) and the Latin Mobile ( “moves”). The word “car” comes from the Hungarian word kocsi.
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Method of propulsion

The cars are usually propel through an internal combustion engine powered by fuel that can be gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas or diesel fuel that is mixed with an oxidizer, usually oxygen from the air to form the fluid. The fluid makes thermodynamic processes move through the organs of heat engine.

Some countries use biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel, which are produced from plants like corn, soybeans or sugar cane. These alternatives are criticized for his direct competition with land for growing food, and lack of energy feasibility studies.

Recently there has begun to produce in series with electric motor cars. While the autonomy of these vehicles is still limited due to recharge the batteries in the near future the problem could be overcome. The level of contamination depends on how they are used to generate electricity.

It also has begun the marketing of hybrid cars, which have an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, the latter works when the car moving at low speeds, in some models with the other engine shut down. The batteries are recharged with the energy released to stop the car.

Another source of energy for the car is hydrogen. The combustion of hydrogen with oxygen leaves as the only waste water vapor. There are two methods to harness hydrogen, an internal combustion engine or fuel cells, a technology currently face and in the process of development. Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water.

There are also experimental engines operating propelled by compressed air or by solar energy.

Chronology of car
Main article: History of the car

The car, as we know at present, was invented in Germany in 1886 by Karl Benz. Shortly after other pioneers such as Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in turn presented their models. The first long trip in a car was made Bertha Benz in 1888, to go from Mannheim to Pforzheim, towns separated by about 105 km. Significantly, was a milestone in the old car, given that a car of this era was as maximum speed about 20 mph, far more spent fuel from what now spends a vehicle at the same speed and gasoline were purchased at pharmacies , Which was not available in large quantities.

In 1910, Henry Ford began producing cars in an assembly line, completely innovative system that enabled him to achieve manufacturing figures hitherto unthinkable.

Classification car
Main article: Classification car

Depending on the seating capacity and intended use, there are different types of cars.

A passenger car is intended for private transport of people, a car load is designed to transport goods, and a car racing is used in motor sport competitions.

The three most common types are passenger car, truck and sports car. Pick several kinds embraces more precise: automotive SUV, minivan, pickup and van. The other two include various bodies, but not essentially different types of cars. Another type of car is the military, commonly used in wars, these can be moved in places where a car could make it not common.

Manufacturers and brands

Car

For carmakers means companies that design, develop, manufacture and test cars under its own identity, whether independent companies or integrated into a larger group. The following list includes the current car manufacturers. Manufacturers are already missing from the list of brands of cars below.

Marks car

For car manufacturers means all those companies who are or who have been in the past the identity of a manufacturer or a division or line of car models.

Technical data of a car that contained in commercial catalogues
Volvo 460
Volvo 460

The merchants who sell new cars make it easy for buyers who are interested in its commercial vehicles catalogues containing details of each model as the following: [1]

Engine:

* Engine type:
or internal combustion engine
Electric motor or arrangement of the engine
or rotary engine (in the Mazda RX-7 and Mazda RX-8)
* Total cylinder, cylinder diameter of a race for number of cylinders.
* Compression ratio
* Maximum power. In kW and CV, including engine speed (rpm) to which this is achieved such power.
* Maximum torque. In Nm, indicating the engine speed is reached when that pair.
* Type of fuel system, indicating whether it is carburation or injection directly or indirectly.
* Type air supply system: turbocharged or atmospheric.
* Fuel used
* Alternators
* Capacity battery. Usually indicated in Amperes hour (Ah)
* Ability tank (l)

Benefits

* Top speed (mph)
* Weather acceleration from 0 to 100 kph (s)
* Time acceleration between two speeds in a concrete way (s)
* Time acceleration to travel 1000 m since he begins to move (s)

Consumption in urban cycle, extra urban cycle, weighted. Often shown on l/100km in Europe and miles per gallon (mpg) in americas.

CO2 emissions in urban cycle, cycle and extra-weighted. It is expressed in g / km.

Transmission: type of gearbox, number of speeds, reduction relations, speed of movement to a particular engine speed in every way.

Brakes: type (disc brake, brake drum), dimensions

Wheels: dimensions of tires and tires

Others: type Suspension front and back, kind of steering, radio drawing minimal.

Bodywork

* Type bodywork
* Gauge: length, width and height
* Battle (wheelbase) and front and rear tracks
* Boot capacity

Masses: Tare, maximum permissible weight, maximum weight towable (with brake and unchecked in the trailer).

The future of the automobile

The future of the automobile lies in reducing pollution caused by the propulsion system, one of the biggest problems in today’s world.

We are exploring new ways to move faster or better roads for the move. The old vision of the flying car is wasted at present, since the energy needed to sustain them in the air would be much higher.

Another possible future of the automobile is its replacement by public transport more energy efficient. This can happen because of the scarcity of oil and its consequent price increase.

Renovation

Because the most modern cars are safer and cleaner, many countries offer tax incentives for drivers to discard their old models and buy other newer.

For example, in Spain there is a program that encourages Provide modernization of fleet cars, to increase automotive safety and protection of the environment. It applies to new passenger cars of engine capacity below 1.5 liters.